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According to Leibniz in the New Essays, the principle of individuation is a scholastic muddle whose origin stems from the failure to realize that two things cannot be perfectly similar, or differ in number alone. But things were not always so with Leibniz. One can see him using the principle of individuation as a fundamental criticism of Descartes in the 1686 Discourse on Metaphysics. I investigate the steps he takes to arrive at this point. Leibniz defended Suárez’s view of individuation in his bachelor’s thesis at Leipsig, Disputatio Metaphysica de Principio Individui, but changed to a Scotist view in his …