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Formal and Objective Reality in Descartes and in Spinoza’s Ethics
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Descartes’s conception of an idea comprises three distinct aspects. An idea’s formal reality is the reality or perfection it has as a mode of a finite thinking substance. Its material reality is the idea considered as a mental act or operation. Furthermore, an idea contains some objective reality, which is the reality of its exhibited object inasmuch as the object is presented to thought. Although Spinoza does not use the notion of material reality in discussing ideas, he does make significant use of the notions of formal and objective being or reality. Yet Spinoza’s theory of an idea in the …

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