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Much scholarship has focused on pre-modern homosexual eroticism as a sexual practice unrelated to a gay identity that only emerged in the 19th century. Although early modernists have questioned this theory, they have focused on European urban sexual subcultures. This paper will examine the construction of homosexual eroticism in Spain between 1500 and 1800 as conceptually, culturally and medically separate from heterosexuality through discourses on syphilis and its treatment. Utilizing a combination of medical, hospital, and judicial records, I will analyze how the silence on the homosexual transmission of syphilis constructed heterosexuality as intrinsically distinct from same-sex practices. Not only …