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The complex community of microorganisms comprising the intestinal microbiota of pigs and other animals plays an essential role in host development, immune regulation, nutrition, and protection from infection. During a pig's development, the microbiota undergoes succession to reach the "climax community" of the adult: a process that can be disrupted by interventions such as weaning, medication, or infection, with potentially serious consequences to the animal's health. A comprehensive understanding of the ecology of this environment, and its potential modification to improve health and performance, requires knowledge of both the structure and function of the community. While technological advances in various …